A shift register is simply a chain of registers in which the input of one is connected to the output of the previous one to allow data to be serially shifted from one to the next. If you imagine then that you have 8 registers in a chain, an 8 bit shift register, then if you look at it end on, you see just 1 signal (serial). However if you look at it side on, you see 8 signals (parallel).

In Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO) shift registers, the data is stored into the register serially while it is retrieved from it in parallel-fashion.Figure 1 shows an n-bit synchronous SIPO shift register sensitive to positive edge of the clock pulse. Here the data word which is to be stored (Data in) is fed serially at the input of the first flip-flop (D 1 of FF 1).

This is one of the practical applications of shift registers - to convert data between serial and parallel data streams. Now going from serial to parallel is straight forward. You simply clock data in through the serial input, and then once the correct number of bits have been clocked in you read the data from the parallel bus. Going from parallel to serial is a tiny bit more complex, but not all that much so. What you need is a so called 'parallel load' circuit. Simply this is just a case of inserting a 2:1 multiplexer between each register.

The output of the mux goes to the input of a register in your chain. One input of the mux goes to the output of the previous register in the chain. That leaves you with the second input of the mux which is your load data bus. When you want to load data, you select all of the load data lines and the data will be clocked in to all registers simultaneously (parallel load). When you want to shift data out, you select the previous register using the mux and you now have a shift register again which can then shift the data out serially.

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