Contents • • • • Key ideas [ ] Greenberg believed that the avant-garde arose in order to defend standards from the decline of perpetuated by the mass-production of consumer society, and saw kitsch and art as opposites. One of his more controversial claims was that kitsch was equivalent to: 'All kitsch is academic, and conversely, all that is academic is kitsch.' He argued this based on the fact that Academic art, such as that in the 19th century, was heavily centered in rules and formulations that were taught and tried to make art into something learnable and easily expressible. He later came to withdraw from his position of equating the two, as it became heavily criticized. Sources [ ] • Greenberg, Clement.

Art and Culture., 1961 • Greenberg, Clement. Homemade Esthetics: Observations on Art and Taste., 1999. • Rubenfeld, Florence. Clement Greenberg: A Life., 1997. References [ ].

Created Date: 7/6/2000 3:01:32 PM.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • Early life [ ] Clement Greenberg was born in the borough of the Bronx, NYC, in 1909. His parents were middle-class immigrants, and he was the eldest of their three sons. Since childhood, Greenberg sketched compulsively, until becoming a young adult, when he began to focus on literature.

Greenberg attended, the Marquand School for Boys, then, graduating with an in 1930, cum laude,. After college, already as fluent in Yiddish as English since childhood, Greenberg Italian and German in addition to French and Latin. During the next few years, Greenberg travelled the U.S. Working for his father's dry-goods business, but the work did not suit his inclinations, so he turned to working as a. Greenberg married in 1934, had a son the next year, and was divorced the year after that. In 1936, Greenberg took a series of jobs with the federal government, from Civil Service Administration, to the Veterans' Administration, and finally to the Appraisers' Division of the Customs Service in 1937.

It was then that Greenberg began to write seriously, and soon after began getting published in a handful of small magazines and literary journals. Avant Garde and Kitsch [ ] Though his first published essays dealt mainly with literature and theatre, art still held a powerful attraction for Greenberg, so in 1939, he made a sudden name as a visual art writer with possibly his most well-known and oft-quoted essay, ', first published in the journal.

In this Marxist-influenced essay, Greenberg claimed that true art is a product of the Enlightenment's revolution of critical thinking, and as such resists and recoils from the degradation of culture in both mainstream capitalist and communist society, while acknowledging the paradox that, at the same time, the artist, dependent on the market or the state, remains inexorably attached 'by an umbilical cord of gold'. Kitsch, on the other hand, was the product of industrialization and the urbanization of the working class, a filler made for the consumption of the working class: a populace hungry for culture, but without the resources and education to enjoy cutting edge avant garde culture. Greenberg writes, Kitsch, using for raw material the debased and academicized simulacra of genuine culture, welcomes and cultivates this insensibility. It is the source of its profits.

Kitsch is mechanical and operates by formulas. Kitsch is vicarious experience and faked sensations. Kitsch changes according to style, but remains always the same. Kitsch is the epitome of all that is spurious in the life of our times.

Kitsch pretends to demand nothing of its customers except their money – not even their time.' For Greenberg, avant garde art was too 'innocent' to be effectively used as propaganda or bent to a cause, while kitsch was ideal for stirring up false sentiment. Greenberg appropriated the German word ' to describe this low, concocted form of 'culture', though its have since been recast to a more affirmative acceptance of nostalgic materials of capitalist/communist culture.

Art history, Abstract Expressionism and after [ ] Greenberg wrote several seminal essays that defined his views on art history in the 20th century. In 1940, Greenberg joined Partisan Review as an editor.

He became art critic for the Nation in 1942. He was associate editor of Commentary from 1945 until 1957. In December 1950, he joined the government funded. Greenberg believed Modernism provided a critical commentary on experience. It was constantly changing to adapt to kitsch pseudo-culture, which was itself always developing. In the years after, Greenberg pushed the position that the best avant-garde artists were emerging in America rather than Europe. Particularly, he championed Jackson Pollock as the greatest painter of his generation, commemorating the artist's 'all-over' gestural canvases.

In the 1955 essay 'American-Type Painting' Greenberg promoted the work of Abstract Expressionists, among them,,,, and, as the next stage in Modernist art, arguing that these painters were moving towards greater emphasis on the ' of the picture plane. Greenberg helped to articulate a concept of. It posited that there were inherent qualities specific to each different artistic medium, and part of the Modernist project involved creating artworks that were more and more committed to their particular medium. In the case of painting, the two-dimensional reality of their medium lead to an increasing emphasis on flatness, in contrast with the illusion of depth commonly found in painting since the and the invention of pictorial perspective. In Greenberg's view, after World War II the United States had become the guardian of 'advanced art'. He praised similar movements abroad and, after the success of the exhibition in 1956 with the at New York's Riverside Gallery, he travelled to to see the group's work in 1957.

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